Early days

-electric induction discovered by Joseph Henry of the (National University of the United States of America > Smithsonian Institution) in 1832

-unlike in OTL, no Faraday and so induction discovered by him

-able to figure out self-inductance - principle of motor - as well

-also develops 'intensity battery' in 1836

-and publishes experiments with induction coils in 1840s

Electrodes

-exode [cathode]and eisode [anode]get invented by some British guy who extends Davy's ideas on electrical decomposition [electrolysis]and invents exodal wave tube [cathode ray tube]in 1844

-in 1850s improved so it doesn't just show an arc

-in 1872, with craze over Fluidic power, better vacuum made which allows for creation of what we would call Crookes tube, soon afterwards something flowing discovered, initial debate over whether it's particle or wave

-Source

-gradually air removed, also seen that thing that flows must be from exode

-growing realization that the exodal rays are the same as discovered dringen waves (Uranescence > ^998e73)

-especially after gold foil, double slit slit, used to show diffusion effect in 1880s

-inspires frenzied analysis of relationship b/w light and electrodynamics, including discovery of OTL Hertz effect

-conclusion is that somehow this is released by atoms, which affects Atomic theory - kills off billiard ball theory in favor of vortex atomic theory with exodal waves competing with some positive wave in some grand tousle which creates vortex

-also means that luminiferous ether must accommodate multiple types of wave - its meaning expands

Fundamental Laws of Electrodynamics

-Fundamental Equations of Electrodynamics

-Gauss's Law as OTL

-Gauss's Law of Magnetic Poles as OTL

-Henry's Law of Induction - formulated by Joseph Henry with a more mathematical background than Faraday

-Ampère-Schrader Law - formulated in 1892 by adding displacement current to Ampère's Circuital Law

-Electrodynamic Wave Equation derived from it predicts that light is a combination of perpendicular electric and magnetic waves while proving exodal waves are not due to velocity predicted, proven true with Photonics experiments

-that Ampère-Schrader Law seems to disprove existence of classical aether by having constant speed of light, results in growing speculation about what this means

-over next decade Karl Anton Schrader ponders on light being constant speed everywhere and what this means about frames of references

-thought experiment of train at near-speed of light, lamps turned on at same time

-and Galilean transformations yielding nonsense leads him to ponder own theory of invariance

-experiment to measure "aether wind" in 1900, has null result

-suddenly causes controversy, but does prove constant speed of light and Schrader concludes he is looking at right spot

-and Schrader also concludes aether is entirely motionless and constant in all directions

-also writes first form of "Schrader transformations" in 1901, publishes them

-inspired by work on [Doppler]effect, which though based on elastic theory of waves is still valid for electrodynamic notions

-was worked on prior to null result, but in its wake he removes all traces of aether from his work

-although he insists he simply made the aether superfluous under his model

-and thus comes up in 1903 with the two postulates of what we would call special relativity

-here they simply call it invariance theory with focus on speed of light, it is only with new theories in 1950s with rise of rocketry they come up with gravitational invariance and as a result are forced to call this "electrodynamic invariance theory" or "Schrader's invariance theory"

-and upon his death in 1907, secures Schrader's place as the greatest physicist since Newton

-although it takes c. 1920 for it to be fully accepted because aether is irrelevant to it